Bincika Ci gaban Tawada Mai Ruwa da Nazari na Tawada na Polyurethane na Ruwa na Zamani.

Gurbacewar iska ta dade da zama babban abin damuwa, tare da fitar da iskar gas mai guba irin su VOCs kasancewa masu ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci tare da al'amuran yanayi kamar guguwar ƙura. Yayin da wayar da kan jama'a game da kare muhalli ke karuwa, kuma ana aiwatar da manufofin kasa daban-daban, masana'antar buga littattafai, babbar tashar VOC, ta fuskanci garambawul. Sakamakon haka, tawadan bugu masu dacewa da yanayi sun zama wuri mai mahimmanci a cikin binciken masana'antar bugu na duniya. Daga cikin tawada masu dacewa da yanayi, gami da tawada masu tushen ruwa, tawada masu iya warkewa da kuzari, da tawada mai tushen kayan lambu, tawada masu tushen ruwa sune aka fi amfani da su. Tawada na tushen ruwa sun ƙunshi ƙaramin adadin abubuwan kaushi, rage fitar da VOC da daidaitawa da ƙa'idodin kare muhalli. Duk da haka, tawada na tushen ruwa suma suna da nakasu kamar jinkirin bushewa da lokacin warkewa da ƙarancin ruwa da juriya na alkali, yana iyakance aikace-aikacensu a cikin tawada masana'antu na gargajiya. Don haka, inganta waɗannan raunin ta hanyar gyaran resin ya zama babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali. Wannan takarda ta bayyana ci gaba da aikace-aikacen tawada na ruwa, nazarin gyare-gyaren resin, ci gaban bincike kan bugu na tawada ta amfani da polyurethane na ruwa, da kuma makomar gaba a wannan filin.

• Gwaji

1. Ci gaban Tawada Mai Ruwa

Tawada suna da dogon tarihi, suna tasowa tare da ƙirƙirar bugu. Bayan gabatar da Lithol Red Pigment a shekara ta 1900, tawada ya zama ruwan dare, wanda ya sa kasashe su zuba jari a binciken tawada. Tawada na tushen ruwa wani asali ne da ya samo asali daga buƙatu masu girma na aikin tawada. An fara bincike kan tawada na ruwa a ƙasashen waje a cikin 1960s, da farko don haɓaka ƙimar bugu da rage dogaro ga albarkatun mai. Waɗannan tawada sun yi amfani da mahadi na halitta kamar benzene da shellac ko sodium lignosulfonate a matsayin manyan kayan don biyan buƙatun bugu a lokacin. A cikin 1970s, masu bincike sun ɓullo da resin polymer emulsion tare da core-harsashi da tsarin cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyar polymerizing acrylic monomers tare da styrene, kiyaye tawada mai sheki da juriya na ruwa yayin saduwa da bukatun muhalli. Koyaya, yayin da wayar da kan muhalli ke ƙaruwa kuma aka aiwatar da tsauraran dokokin muhalli, adadin abubuwan da ke tushen benzene a cikin tawada ya ragu. A cikin 1980s, ƙasashen Yammacin Turai sun gabatar da ra'ayoyi da fasahohin "buga tawada koren" da "sabon bugu na tushen ruwa."

Masana'antar tawada ta kasar Sin ta fara ne tun a karshen daular Qing tare da samar da kudi, inda aka dogara sosai kan tawada daga kasashen waje har zuwa shekarar 1975, lokacin da masana'antar tawada ta Tianjin da masana'antar tawada ta Gangu suka samar da tawada na farko na cikin gida. Ya zuwa shekarun 1990, kasar Sin ta shigo da layukan samar da bugu na flexo sama da 100, tare da hanzarta yin amfani da tawada na tushen ruwa. A shekarar 2003, Cibiyar Nazarin Fasaha ta Masana'antu ta kasar Sin ta samu nasarar kera kayayyaki masu alaka da juna, kuma a farkon shekarar 2004, kamfanin Shanghai Meide ya samar da cikakkiyar tawada mai tsananin zafi, mai tsananin zafi da ta dace da ka'idojin Japan da Jamus. Ko da yake binciken da kasar Sin ta yi kan tawada na ruwa ya samu ci gaba cikin sauri a farkon karni na 21, kasashen yammacin duniya sun riga sun sami ci gaba mai ma'ana: kusan kashi 95 cikin dari na kayayyakin flexo da kashi 80% na kayayyakin gravure a Amurka sun yi amfani da tawada na ruwa, yayin da Birtaniya kuma Japan ta karɓi tawada na tushen ruwa don abinci da marufi na magunguna. Idan aka kwatanta, ci gaban kasar Sin ya ragu sosai.

Don ci gaba da inganta kasuwa, kasar Sin ta gabatar da ma'aunin tawada na farko na ruwa a watan Mayun shekarar 2007, kuma a shekarar 2011 ta ba da shawarar "haɓaka kirkire-kirkire na kore," da nufin maye gurbin tawada masu ƙarfi da tawada mai tushen ruwa. A cikin 2016 "Shirin Shekaru Biyar na 13" don masana'antar bugawa, "bincike kan kayan muhalli na tushen ruwa" da "buga kore" sune mahimman abubuwan da aka mayar da hankali. Zuwa 2020, haɓakar ƙasa na kore da bugu na dijital ya faɗaɗa kasuwar tawada ta tushen ruwa.

2. Aikace-aikacen Tawada Mai Ruwa

A farkon karni na 20, Amurka ta fara amfani da tawada na tushen ruwa a cikin bugu na flexo. A cikin shekarun 1970s, an yi amfani da tawada masu ingancin ruwa masu inganci don fakiti daban-daban, akwatunan littattafai, da kwali. A cikin 1980s, an haɓaka tawada masu tushen ruwa mai sheki da matte a ƙasashen waje, suna faɗaɗa aikace-aikacen su zuwa yadudduka, takarda, PVC, polystyrene, foil na aluminum, da karafa. A halin yanzu, saboda halayen halayensu na yanayi, marasa guba, da aminci, ana amfani da tawada masu tushen ruwa a cikin bugu na kayan abinci, kamar marufi da kwalabe na abin sha. Yayin da dokokin muhalli ke haɓaka, aikace-aikacen tawada na tushen ruwa yana ci gaba da haɓakawa da ƙaruwa. Har ila yau, Sin na ci gaba da inganta amfani da su a cikin masana'antar bugawa.

• Sakamako da Tattaunawa

1. Bincike akan Gyaran Guduro

Bambance-bambancen resin yana rinjayar aikin tawada. Gabaɗaya, resin tawada na tushen ruwa yawanci polyurethane ne, gyare-gyaren emulsion na acrylic, ko resin polyacrylic. Resins na tushen ruwa na polyurethane (WPU), tare da mafi kyawun sheki, ana amfani da su sosai a cikin bugu na marufi. Don haka, haɓaka aikin WPU don haɓaka ƙa'idodin muhalli da kyalkyali na tushen ruwa ya zama mai da hankali a cikin masana'antar bugawa.

2. Gyaran Polyurethane na Ruwa na Ruwa

Polyurethane na tushen ruwa, wanda ya ƙunshi polyols masu ƙarancin nauyin kwayoyin halitta, ana iya rarraba su zuwa polyester, polyether, da nau'ikan matasan. Dangane da kaddarorin daban-daban na polyester da polyether polymers, ƙarfin su da kwanciyar hankali sun bambanta. Gabaɗaya, polyether polyurethane suna da ƙarancin ƙarfi da kwanciyar hankali fiye da polyester polyurethanes amma suna nuna mafi kyawun juriya mai zafi kuma ba su da haɗari ga hydrolysis. Misali, haɓaka “daidaita” tawada ta hanyar amfani da polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether yana inganta halayen haƙuri. Koyaya, wannan batu ne kawai. Cibiyoyin bincike daban-daban suna ɗaukar hanyoyi daban-daban don haɓaka takamaiman abubuwan WPU.

Misali, a cikin 2010, an zaɓi resin epoxy tare da tauri mai girma da ƙarfin tasiri don magance ɗankowar tawada da al'amuran mannewa, don haka haɓaka ƙarfin tawada. A cikin 2006, wani binciken da Jami'ar Chemical ta Beijing ta buga ta yi amfani da polyurethane mai tushen ethylene glycol don samar da resin na musamman tare da sashi mai laushi mai tsayi, inganta sassaucin tawada da ƙarfafa tawada mai tushen ruwa a kaikaice. Wasu ƙungiyoyi suna samun sakamakon gyare-gyare ta hanyar ƙara abubuwan sinadarai: haɗa silica ko organosilicon don inganta WPU, yana haifar da ingantaccen ƙarfin tawada. Ana amfani da butadiene nitrile polyurethane da aka ƙare Carboxyl don inganta aikin lankwasa tawada da ɗankowa, daidaitawa zuwa wurare masu rikitarwa.

Don haka, masu bincike yawanci suna zaɓar takamaiman polyesters dangane da kayan tawada, ta yin amfani da polyacids da polyols masu dacewa don haɗa polyester polyols masu zafi, suna gabatar da ƙungiyoyin polar tare da mannewa mai ƙarfi, zaɓin albarkatun ƙasa masu dacewa don haɓaka crystallinity na polyurethane, da yin amfani da abubuwan haɗin gwiwa don haɓaka mannen WPU. danshi da juriya na zafi.

3. Gyaran Juriya na Ruwa

Tunda ana amfani da tawada galibi don marufi na waje kuma akai-akai ana tuntuɓar ruwa, ƙarancin juriya na ruwa na iya haifar da raguwar taurin, sheki, har ma da bawon tawada ko lalacewa, yana tasiri sosai akan aikin ajiya. Inganta juriya na ruwa na WPU yana haɓaka aikin ajiyar tawada ta hanyar amfani da polyols tare da kyakkyawan juriya na ruwa azaman kayan. Misali, gyara WPU tare da acrylic monomers ko daidaita abun ciki na resin epoxy na iya inganta juriyar ruwan tawada.

Baya ga yin amfani da polymers masu tsayayya da ruwa don maye gurbin daidaitattun polyurethane, masu bincike sukan ƙara kwayoyin halitta ko kwayoyin halitta don cimma sakamakon da ake so. Misali, hada silica nanoscale a cikin guduro yana haɓaka juriya da ƙarfi, hanyar da ake amfani da ita sosai wajen samar da tawada. The "Emulsion copolymerization Hanyar" halitta PUA hade don inganta ruwa juriya, yayin da hanyoyin kamar polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether gyara da acetone kira na organosilicon-gyara WPU inganta ruwa juriya.

4. Canjin Juriya Mai Girma

Gabaɗaya, ƙarfin zafin jiki na WPU yana da rauni sosai, yana iyakance juriyar zafi ta tushen ruwa. Polyether polyurethanes yawanci suna da mafi kyawun juriya na zafin jiki fiye da polyester polyurethanes saboda adadin ɗakuna biyu. Ƙara polymers na dogon lokaci ko benzene zobe esters / ethers azaman polymerization monomers yana inganta juriya mai zafi na polymer kuma, saboda haka, juriya na zafi na tushen ruwa. Bayan yin amfani da dogon sarkar polyether polyurethane, wasu ƙungiyoyi suna amfani da kayan haɗin gwiwa don ƙara haɓakawa da haɓaka juriya mai zafi. Misali, ƙara nano tin oxide antimony zuwa WPU wanda aka haɗa daga DMPA, polyether 220, da IPDI yana ba da damar yadudduka tawada don ɗaukar zafi, haɓaka juriya mai zafi. Ƙara silica airgel zuwa polyurethane kuma yana rage ƙarfin zafin jiki kuma yana haɓaka juriya na tawada.

5. Gyaran kwanciyar hankali

Kwancin WPU yana tasiri sosai akan aikin ajiyar tawada na tushen ruwa. Bayan ruwa da juriya mai zafi, nauyin kwayoyin halitta da tsarin tsari suna da mahimmanci. Polyester resins gabaɗaya sun fi kwanciyar hankali fiye da resin polyether saboda ƙarin haɗin gwiwar hydrogen a cikin tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta. Ƙara abubuwan ester don samar da polyurethanes gauraye yana ƙaruwa da kwanciyar hankali, kamar yin amfani da isocyanate da watsawa na silane don ƙirƙirar WPU guda biyu tare da ingantaccen kwanciyar hankali da juriya na abrasion. Maganin zafi da sanyaya kuma na iya haifar da ƙarin haɗin gwiwar hydrogen, ƙarfafa tsarin kwayoyin halitta da haɓaka kwanciyar hankali na WPU da aikin ajiyar tawada na tushen ruwa.

6. Ingantaccen Adhesion

Duk da yake inganta WPU yana inganta juriya na ruwa, juriya mai zafi, da kwanciyar hankali, WPUs har yanzu suna nuna rashin daidaituwa ga samfurori na polyethylene (PE) saboda nauyin kwayoyin halitta da polarity. Yawanci, ana ƙara irin wannan polarity da polymers nauyi ko monomers don haɓaka WPU da haɓaka mannen tawada na tushen ruwa zuwa kayan da ba na polar ba. Alal misali, haɗin gwiwar WPU tare da polyvinyl chloride-hydroxyethyl acrylate resin yana inganta mannewar ruwa tsakanin tawada da sutura. Ƙara resin polyester acrylic zuwa WPU yana haifar da tsarin haɗin kwayoyin halitta na musamman, yana inganta mannewa WPU. Koyaya, waɗannan hanyoyin na iya shafar kaddarorin tawada na asali kamar mai sheki. Sabili da haka, dabarun masana'antu suna kula da kayan ba tare da canza kaddarorin don haɓaka manne tawada ba, kamar kunna saman saman tare da na'urorin lantarki ko maganin harshen wuta na ɗan lokaci don ƙara haɓakawa.

• Kammalawa

A halin yanzu, ana amfani da tawada mai tushen ruwa sosai a cikin marufi na abinci, marufi na magunguna, bita, littattafai, da sauran sutura ko aikace-aikacen bugu. Koyaya, ƙayyadaddun aikinsu na asali yana taƙaita aikace-aikace masu faɗi. Yayin da wayar da kan muhalli da aminci ke haɓaka tare da ingantattun matakan rayuwa, tawada masu dacewa da ruwa waɗanda ke rage hayakin VOC suna ƙara maye gurbin tawada masu ƙarfi, suna ƙalubalantar kasuwannin tawada na tushen ƙarfi na gargajiya.

A cikin wannan mahallin, haɓaka aikin tawada ta hanyar gyara resins na tushen ruwa, musamman polyurethanes na tushen ruwa, ta hanyoyin sabbin hanyoyin kamar nanotechnology da haɓakar mahaɗan ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta suna da mahimmanci don haɓaka tawada na tushen ruwa na gaba. Don haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin cikakken bincike game da gyare-gyaren resin don haɓaka aikin tawada na tushen ruwa don aikace-aikace masu faɗi.